Compassion in health professionals: Development and validation of the Capacity for Compassion Scale.

BACKGROUND: Health professionals witness pain and suffering when they care for sick people and their families. Compassion is a necessary quality in their work as it combines the will to help, alleviate suffering and promote the well-being of both the people they are attending and the professionals themselves. The aim of the study was to design and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Capacity for Compassion Scale (CCS). DESIGN: A quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the psychometric properties of the scale (reliability, temporal stability, content validity, criterion validity and construct validity). METHODS: The study was carried out in two phases: pilot study and final validation. The data were collected between April and May 2022. The sample was selected by convenience sampling and was made up of a total of 264 participants, 59 in the pilot phase and 205 in the final validation. RESULTS: The Capacity for Compassion Scale has been shown to have good psychometric properties in relation to reliability, temporal stability, and content, criterion, and construct validity. Factor analysis showed that there were four subdimensions of the scale: motivation/commitment, presence, shared humanity and self-compassion. The results also indicate that compassionate ability is significantly correlated with age and work experience. CONCLUSIONS: The Capacity for Compassion Scale shows adequate psychometric properties. This instrument measures the compassion capacity of health professionals, which is a valuable discovery for new lines of research in this field. IMPACT: Through this scale, low levels of capacity for compassion can be detected that negatively influence the quality of care provided by health professionals. The Capacity for Compassion Scale can therefore contribute to the identification of needs and promote training around compassion for health professionals. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution. WHAT PROBLEM DID THE STUDY ADDRESS?: Compassion in health professionals has positive effects on improving the quality of care, the satisfaction of professionals and the work environment. There are compassion cultivation programmes whose validity has been proven for the development of the dimensions of compassion. There is no specific instrument that measures capacity for compassion in healthcare professionals. WHAT WERE THE MAIN FINDINGS?: A scale is designed to measure capacity for compassion in health professionals. This is the only such scale available up until now. The scale measures four dimensions of compassion: motivation/commitment, presence, shared humanity and self-compassion. WHERE AND ON WHOM WILL THE RESEARCH HAVE AN IMPACT?: The development of specific programmes that can increase the compassion of health professionals with all the benefits that this can bring to health care is encouraged. It will be possible to analyse the effects of training programmes on the cultivation of compassion.

Adolescents' Perceptions of Sexuality: A Qualitative Study.

Adolescents have a greater risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which is a serious public health problem. Education is an effective strategy to improve adolescent sexual health outcomes. However, Spanish adolescents have a lack of sex education. The aim of this study was to explore the perceptions and opinions of a sample of adolescents regarding sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Photovoice is a research method that uses the search for images of everyday events with the intention of bringing about social change. An exploratory, descriptive design was used with a qualitative approach based on the Photovoice methodology. The sample consisted of 26 high school and baccalaureate students of Almería (Spain) selected through a convenience sample. The age of the participants ranged from 14 to 17 years, with a mean age of 15.31 years. Two main categories were extracted from the data analysis: 'Towards a culture of preventing STIs and promoting healthy sexual practices' and 'Adolescents' needs from their perspective'. In conclusion, numerous changes take place at the biopsychosocial level during adolescence that imply a need to explore their sexuality in depth. A lack of knowledge and a carefree attitude during sexual initiation can increase the risk of developing STIs. The study's adolescents stated that they do not have adequate sex education to acquire sufficient knowledge about sexuality and sexual health, and therefore, request that the traditional format be modified in order to achieve better results.

Subconjunctival Sirolimus-Loaded Liposomes for the Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Dry Eye Disease.

Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of subconjunctival application of a novel sirolimus liposomal formulation for the treatment of dry eye. Methods: A randomized, triple-blind, Phase II clinical trial. Thirty-eight eyes of 19 patients were included. Nine patients (18 eyes) assigned to the sham group (Sham) and 10 patients (20 eyes) to sirolimus-loaded liposomes group (Sirolimus). The treatment group received three doses of subconjunctival liposome-encapsulated sirolimus and the sham group received three doses of liposomal suspension without sirolimus. Subjective (Ocular Surface Disease Index, OSDI) and measured (corrected distance visual acuity, conjunctival hyperemia, tear osmolarity, Schirmer's test, corneal/conjunctival staining and matrix metalloproteinase-9) variables were measured. Results: Sirolimus-entrapped liposomes-treated group OSDI scores changed from 62.19 (± 6.07) to 37.8 (± 17.81) (p=0.0024), and conjunctival hyperemia from 2.0 (± 0.68) to 0.83 (± 0.61) (p<0.0001); Sham group with OSDI scores from 60.02 (± 14.2) to 36.02 (± 20.70) (p=0.01), and conjunctival hyperemia from 1.33 (± 0.68) to 0.94 (± 0.87) (p=0.048). All the other evaluated outcomes only showed significant differences in the sirolimus group: corneal/conjunctival staining score (p=0.0015), lipid layer interferometry (p=0.006), and inferior meibomian gland dropout (p=0.038). No local or systemic adverse effects regarding the medication itself were reported, and the administration route was well accepted. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that sub-conjunctival sirolimus-loaded liposomes are effective in reducing both signs and symptoms of dry eye in patients with poorly controlled moderate-to-severe DED, while avoiding other topical administration adverse effects. Further investigation with a larger sample size is required to determine long-term effects.

Unusual Corneal Sarcoidosis Manifestations.

AIM: To document atypical presenting forms of ocular sarcoidosis at the corneal level. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 63-year-old woman presented multiple uncommon unilateral primary corneal conditions as manifestation of ocular sarcoidosis, including peripheral ulcerative keratitis, sterile corneal infiltrate (corneal granuloma), and sterile infiltrates related to a corneal foreign body, requiring medical and surgical management to control the inflammatory symptoms and to preserve the integrity of the eyeball. An excisional biopsy of a nodule in the temporal conjunctiva was performed under topical anesthesia. Histological analysis revealed a non-caseating granuloma, confirming the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis. CONCLUSION: When thinking of ocular involvement in patients with ocular sarcoidosis, it is essential to remember that manifestations such as peripheral ulcerative keratitis, sterile corneal infiltrate, and sterile foreign body-related infiltrates may be presentations of this disease.

Attention Given to Victims of Gender Violence from the Perspective of Nurses: A Qualitative Study.

Women victims of gender violence consider the health system an appropriate place to seek help. Aims and Objectives: to describe and understand how nurses perceive gender-based violence in health care for women victims of gender-based violence. Qualitative descriptive study. The recommendations of the COREQ guide for qualitative research reporting were followed. Sixteen nurses who were working in different health services, both primary and specialized care, were selected to take part in the study. Three focus groups and a semi-structured interview were conducted. The ATLAS.ti 9 computer programme was used. The nurses highlighted that when caring for women who are victims of gender violence, they encounter two types of violence: invisible or latent, and visible or patent. Part of the nurses' role is based on the skill of knowing how to act and being trained to do so. In addition, there are certain controversies around the concept and origin of violence. On the one hand, they refer to gender violence as a universal phenomenon with strong cultural and educational roots, and, on the other hand, it is difficult to characterize. The findings report how nurses play a fundamental role in caring for victims of gender-based violence, but they encounter certain difficulties regarding this concept. It is therefore essential to continuously train and educate nurses on gender-based violence. Gender violence should be a competency in nursing curricula. Health systems must offer training and awareness programmes that teach nurses to detect and make decisions regarding female victims of gender violence. It is also necessary to set up spaces in the different services so that the nurses can attend to the victims.

The effect of home visit simulation on emotional intelligence, self-efficacy, empowerment, and stress in nursing students. A single group pre-post intervention study.

BACKGROUND: Clinical simulation, the teaching methodology used in the Nursing Degree, helps students to acquire certain skills. Home visiting is a complex scenario in community care that requires certain critical skills in order to function successfully. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the improvement of self-efficacy, empowerment, management of emotions and perceived stress of nursing students through clinical simulation during home visits. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental study was carried out. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of Students of the 2nd year of the Nursing Degree. METHODS: A high-fidelity simulation programme was implemented in two sessions. The variables that were measured were: self-efficacy (General Self-efficacy Scale), empowerment (Spreitzer Psychological Empowerment Scale), emotional intelligence (Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24), and perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale). RESULTS: 170 students with a mean age of 22.2 years took part. An increase in general self-efficacy, self-determination, impact, empowerment (total score), and emotional clarity was observed after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical simulation as a teaching methodology allows the development of skills and competencies that are necessary for nursing students to be able to function in community settings such as home care. Therefore, this teaching methodology should be integrated into University Community Nursing training programmes.

Burnout in Specialized Care Nurses during the First COVID-19 Outbreak in Spain.

Background: One of the most outstanding consequences of the pandemic is the impact it had on the mental health of nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 in specialised services. Aim: The aim was to analyse the burnout levels of nursing professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in specialised care and their relationship with variables of the socio-occupational context. Method: This was a quantitative, descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study, which included a sample of 355 nursing professionals. The instrument used was a questionnaire (Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS)). Results: A mean score of 27.44 (SD = 12.01) was obtained in the subscale "Emotional exhaustion"; in "Depersonalisation", the mean score was 7.26 (SD = 6.00); and, finally, in "Personal fulfilment", the mean score was 38.27 (SD = 7.04). Statistically significant differences were found in the subscale "Emotional exhaustion", which is higher in women than in men. The subscale "Personal Accomplishment" was higher in the age group 51-65 years. Regarding the "Depersonalisation" subscale, statistically significant differences were found with respect to the years of experience in the current service, which is higher in the group aged 39 years or more. Conclusion: Intervention programmes are required in healthcare systems to improve the emotional well-being of nursing professionals.

Current Global Bioethical Dilemmas in Corneal Transplantation.

PURPOSE: To analyze some of the bioethical dilemmas that may arise during the process required for corneal transplantation. METHODS: We conducted a narrative review based on the available literature and the experience of cornea specialists from 3 different countries. RESULTS: Bioethical dilemmas related to informed consent for organ and tissue donation, allocation of corneal tissues, transplant tourism, corneal tissue exportation and importation, and for-profit eye banking were analyzed and discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Around the world, the number of required corneal transplants exceeds the number of donated corneas that are available and suitable for transplantation. This shortage of corneal tissue has led to the emergence of practices that may put the 4 basic principles of bioethics at risk: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Therefore, it has been necessary to create ethical guidelines such as the Barcelona Principles and the World Health Organization Principles of Transplantation that attempt to regulate these practices.

Giant Ocular Lipodermoid Cyst in Encephalocraniocutaneous Lipomatosis: Surgical Treatment and Genetic Analysis.

BACKGROUND Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis is a rare neurocutaneous disorder characterized by cutaneous, ocular, and central nervous system anomalies; its molecular etiology was recently identified. This report describes the surgical treatment and genetic characterization of a giant ocular lipodermoid cyst secondary to encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis. CASE REPORT An 11-year-old girl with past medical history of absence seizures presented with a reddish protruding mass in her right eye involving the temporal conjunctiva and the peripheral temporal cornea; eyelid closure was not possible due to mass protrusion. She also presented skin tags at the level of the external canthus and 3 alopecic areas at the level of the scalp compatible with nevus psiloliparus. No family history was reported. A dermoid cyst was suspected and excisional biopsy was performed under general anesthesia. A large conjunctival and lamellar corneoscleral resection was done, followed by a corneal tectonic graft. Molecular analysis was carried out, including PCR and Sanger sequencing on DNA obtained from the mass. After surgery, the patient achieved complete eyelid closure, reduction of ocular surface symptoms, and improved aesthetic appearance. Histological analysis confirmed a lipodermoid cyst; genetic tests confirmed a mosaic activating mutation in FGFR1 (c.1638C>A, p.Asn546Lys). The diagnosis was encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis. CONCLUSIONS ECCL is a rare condition; an accurate diagnosis comprising clinical and genetic aspects can facilitate the monitoring of possible complications, improve the multidisciplinary treatment, and provide valuable information for future therapy developments. In this case, the patient's quality of life improved significantly, ocular symptoms disappeared, and a good esthetic appearance was achieved.

Practice Patterns in the Management of Primary Pterygium: A Survey Study.

PURPOSE: To characterize cornea specialists' current practice preferences in the management of primary pterygium. METHODS: A 25-item survey regarding indications for surgery, surgical technique, use of adjuvant therapy, type and duration of postoperative therapy, and treatment of early recurrences was designed and sent to members of the Cornea Society through the kera-net listserv. RESULTS: In total, 199 cornea specialists completed the questionnaire. More than 90% considered that surgery should be performed when there is proximity of the pterygium to the visual axis, pain or redness, eye movement restriction, or induction of astigmatism. Cosmesis was considered as an indication by 41.7% of the participants. The most frequent technique for pterygium excision was complete resection including the base and a moderate quantity of Tenon capsule followed by autologous conjunctival or limbal-conjunctival graft. The preferred graft fixation method in this survey was fibrin glue (61.2%). Most respondents reported a recurrence rate of less than 5% and no use of adjuvant agents to prevent recurrence. When early recurrence did occur, the preferred agents were corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS: This study reflects the preferences of cornea experts regarding primary pterygium treatment and may serve as a guide for the management of this pathology.

Corneal Biofilm Plaques: A Novel Clinical Presentation.

PURPOSE: To report a novel clinical presentation of corneal biofilms, consisting of formation of superficial and recurrent corneal plaques. METHODS: Interventional case report. A 9-year-old boy presented with subepithelial, whitish, avascular, and recurrent corneal plaques without any clinical manifestations of active corneal inflammation and/or infection. He had a history of minor ocular trauma; otherwise, his medical history was unremarkable. RESULTS: An excisional biopsy was performed under topical anesthesia. Histological analysis identified these plaques as clusters of gram-negative bacilli surrounded by an extracellular matrix. Samples were further evaluated with special stains (calcofluor white, Flamingo fluorescent dye, propidium iodide, and Gomori-Grocott) that demonstrated biofilm structures. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal plaques are a very rare clinical presentation of corneal biofilms that allow prolonged survival of microorganisms even in the absence of prosthetic material and clinical signs or symptoms of corneal active inflammation and/or infection.

Long-term follow-up of persistent low vault after implantable collamer lens exchange.

The implantable collamer lens (ICL) is a widely used posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens that achieves excellent refractive results. Nonetheless, serious postoperative complications related to inadequate vault have been previously reported. Therefore, lens exchange is advised when the vault is out of the recommended ranges. This article presents a case with persistent low vault after lens exchange in which no clinical evidence of crystalline lens opacity or decrease in uncorrected distance visual acuity has been identified during the 6-year clinical follow-up performed to date. Therefore, this suggests that clinical follow-up could be an appropriate approach for patients presenting with low vault, especially those who are older than 40 years and have a history of lens exchange.

Astigmatismo y aberraciones corneales en ojos con Iridociclitis Heterocrómica de Fuchs / Corneal astigmatism and aberrations in patients with Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis

Introducción: La Iridociclitis Heterocrómica de Fuchs (IHF) es la causa del 2 a 7% de las uveítis anteriores, el astigmatismo corneal como condición de la IHF y como posible causa de la disminución de la visión, ha sido una entidad muy poco estudiada hasta el momento, tiene una gran importancia debido a que por la anisometropía que podría generar, puede llevar a alteraciones de la agudeza visual. Objetivo: Evaluar la existencia de astigmatismo corneal y/o aberraciones corneales inherentes a los ojos con Iridociclitis Heterocrómica de Fuchs. Diseño del estudio: Estudio transversal, analítico, de fuentes primarias. Método: Se realizó muestreo por conveniencia, en el cual se incluyeron 44 ojos de 22 pacientes con diagnóstico de IHF unilateral o bilateral. Para cada caso, se realizó tomografía corneal (Pentacam® AXL - OCULUS) y aberrometria (OPD-Scan III® - NIDEK) y se compararon ojos enfermos con los ojos sanos. Resultados: Se encontró una mediana de 1.35 (RIC: 0.50 ­ 1.70) para el astigmatismo de la cara anterior de los ojos enfermos .vs. 0.8 (RIC: 0.7 ­ 1.1) para el astigmatismo de la cara anterior de los ojos sanos (p= 0.135). Se identificó un astigmatismo en cara anterior >1.00 D en el 61.5% de los ojos enfermos .vs. 27.8% de los ojos sanos (p= 0.027) con un RR de 2.15. No se encontró una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los ojos enfermos y los ojos sanos para las aberraciones analizadas. Conclusión: El presente estudio no demuestra la existencia de astigmatismo o aberraciones inherentes a la IHF, pero evidencia una tendencia de mayor astigmatismo en los ojos con IHF, que posiblemente podría lograr significancia estadística con una muestra mayor.

Background: Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis (FHI) represents 2 to 7% of cases of anterior uveitis. To date, few studies have addressed corneal astigmatism as an inherent condition and as possible cause of decreased visual acuity in FHI patients. This may be relevant since the generated anisometropia may lead to alterations in visual acuity. Objective: To evaluate the presence of corneal astigmatism and/or corneal aberrations in patients with FHI. Study design: Analytic cross sectional study. Method: A convenient sampling was performed. The sample included 44 eyes of 22 patients with unilateral or bilateral FHI. All participants were studied by corneal tomography (Pentacam® AXL ­ OCULUS) and aberrometry (OPDScan III® - NIDEK); measurements of diseased and healthy eyes were compared. Results: Twenty-two patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age at diagnosis was 46.9 +/- 12 years, and 40.9% were men. FHI eyes exhibited a median astigmatism of the anterior surface of 1.35D (IQR: 0.50 ­ 1.70), compared to 0.8D (IQR: 0.7 ­ 1.1) observed in healthy eyes (p= 0.135). Anterior surface astigmatism >1.00 diopters (D) was found in 61.5% of diseased eyes compared to 27.8% of healthy eyes, with a risk ratio of 2.15. Regarding corneal aberrations, no statistically significant differences were identified between diseased and healthy eyes for the analyzed aberrations. Conclusion: While our current data does not show statistically signifi cant differences between groups that support that corneal astigmatism or aberrations are inherent to FHI-aff ected eyes, our study does show a trend that suggests increased presence of clinically relevant astigmatism in eyes with FHI. Statistical significance may be achieved with a larger sample size.

Bilateral Iris Depigmentation and Ocular Hypotony as End-Stage Manifestations of Untreated Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease.

PURPOSE: To describe severe bilateral iris depigmentation and persistent ocular hypotony as end-stage manifestations of untreated Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. METHODS: We present the clinical findings and diagnostic studies performed for three patients with bilateral iris depigmentation. RESULTS: Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease in late recurrent stage was diagnosed in three patients with bilateral severe iris depigmentation and persistent ocular hypotony. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis and treatment of inflammation are crucial factors in the clinical outcome of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. When left undiagnosed and untreated from early stages, severe iris depigmentation and ocular hypotony, uncommon manifestations of this disease, can develop.

Comparison of 4 techniques for limbal-conjunctival autograft fixation in primary pterygium surgery.

PURPOSE: To compare 4 limbal-conjunctival autograft fixation techniques-conventional suture, commercial fibrin glue, autologous fibrin glue, and cautery-in primary nasal pterygium surgery. METHODS: This is a retrospective and descriptive study. The postoperative patient discomfort, graft edema, ocular inflammation, and other complications of 4 limbal-conjunctival autograft fixation techniques in primary nasal pterygium surgery were evaluated. RESULTS: Postoperative patient discomfort was significantly lower with the sutureless techniques (p<0.001), with fixation with cautery having the lowest rate of discomfort. Graft edema and ocular inflammation during the early postoperative period were significantly higher when fibrin glue techniques were used (p<0.001). The recurrence rate did not show a statistically significant difference (p = 0.682) among the 4 groups. CONCLUSION: In primary nasal pterygium surgery, limbal-conjunctival autograft fixation using cautery is the technique with the lowest postoperative discomfort rate and without a statistically significant increase in recurrence rate when compared to conventional suture and fibrin glue techniques.

Resección de Pterigion nasal primario con autoinjerto limbo-conjuntival sin suturas / Sutureless limbal-conjunctival autograft for nasal pterygium surgery

Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad y los síntomas en el postoperatorio de la resección de pterigion nasal primario con autoinjerto limbo-conjuntival sin suturas. Diseño del estudio: Estudio prospectivo e intervencional. Métodos: Se incluyeron 58 ojos de 58 pacientes con pterigion nasal primario que fueron llevados a resección con autoinjerto limbo-conjuntival; la fi jación del autoinjerto se realizó con cauterio en 29 pacientes y con sutura en 29 pacientes. Se realizó un seguimiento periódico de los casos por 24 meses y variables como el tiempo quirúrgico, el discomfort en el postoperatorio, el edema de la plastia, la inflamación ocular y las complicaciones fueron evaluadas y comparadas entre los subgrupos. Resultados: El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 16 minutos para el grupo de fijación con cauterio y de 40 minutos en el grupo de fijación con suturas. El discomfort postoperatorio durante los primeros 15 días fue menor en el grupo de fijación con cauterio (p<0.001). No hubo diferencias entre los subgrupos en la tasa de recurrencia, pero el grupo de fijación con cauterio presentó una tasa mayor de dehiscencia de los bordes de la plastia (p<0.001) y del descenso conjuntival (p<0.001). Conclusiones: La resección del pterigion nasal primario con autoinjerto limbo-conjuntival fijado con cauterio es una técnica prometedora que lleva a un menor discomfort postoperatorio que la técnica convencional con suturas, tiene una baja tasa de recurrencias y requiere de un menor tiempo quirúrgico.

Objective: To evaluate the eff ectiveness and postoperative symptomatology of sutureless limbal-conjunctival autograft for pterygium surgery. Study design: Prospective and interventional study. Methods: 58 eyes of 58 patients with primary nasal pterygium that underwent pterygium resection with limbal-conjunctival autograft were included. Graft fi xation was done with cautery in 29 patients and with sutures in 29 patients. The patients were followed with periodic evaluations during 24 months. Surgical time, postoperative discomfort, graft edema, ocular inflammation, and complications were evaluated and compared between groups. Results: The average surgical time was 16 minutes for the cautery group and 40 minutes for the suture group. Postoperative discomfort during the first 15 days was statistically significant lesser for the cautery group (p<0.001). There was no difference in recurrence rate among groups; however, the cautery-fi xation group presented a significantly greater incidence of graft´s edges dehiscence (p<0.001), and superior conjunctiva dehiscence (p<0.001). Conclusions: Primary nasal pterygium resection with cautery-fi xated limbal-conjunctival autograft is a promising technique that causes less postoperative discomfort than conventional sutures, has a low recurrence rate and requires less surgical time.

Líquido subretiniano luego de cirugía exitosa de agujero macular idiopático, ¿Un Problema? / Subretinal fluid after successful idiopathic macular hole surgery. Is it a problem?

Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia de líquido subretiniano luego de cirugía exitosa de agujero macular y su impacto sobre la agudeza visual final. Diseño del estudio: Estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo. Métodos: Se analizaron 32 ojos de 32 pacientes con diagnóstico de agujero macular tratado con vitrectomía más pelaje de la membrana limitante interna; se calculó la incidencia de líquido subretiniano según los hallazgos de la tomografía de coherencia óptica del postoperatorio y se realizó comparación de variables entre los subgrupos con y sin presencia de líquido. Resultados: Se obtuvo una incidencia de líquido subretiniano de 15.6%, sin evidenciarse una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los subgrupos con y sin líquido para las variables de edad, género, estado del cristalino, diámetro del agujero, posición postquirúrgica, agudeza visual mejor corregida prequirúrgica y postquirúrgica a los a los 3 y a los 6 meses. Se identificó menor cronicidad en los agujeros con presencia de líquido subretiniano que en aquellos que no lo presentaban. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio, apoyan la teoría que sugiere que la presencia de líquido subretiniano no influye sobre la agudeza visual final alcanzada luego de vitrectomía más pelaje de la membrana limitante interna para el tratamiento de agujero macular. Además, se documentó una incidencia de líquido subretiniano inferior a la reportada previamente en la literatura, lo cual podría estar relacionado con la técnica quirúrgica utilizada.

Objective: To determine subretinal fluid incidence after successful macular hole surgery and its impact on visual recovery. Study design: Retrospective and descriptive study. Methods: 32 eyes of 32 patients with macular hole that were managed with vitrectomy and internal limiting membrane peeling were analyzed. Subretinal fluid incidence was calculated according to postoperative optical coherence tomography findings and subgroups with and without subretinal fluid were compared. Results: We found a subretinal fluid incidence of 15.6%, with no statistically significant differences between subgroups for age, sex, lens status, hole diameter, postsurgical position, presurgical and postsurgical best corrected visual acuity at 3 and 6 months. The holes with subretinal fl uid were less chronic compared with the holes without fluid. Conclusions: This study supports the theory that proposes no influence of subretinal fluid in the visual recovery after vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling for macular hole treatment. Additionally, the subretinal fluid incidence reported here is the lowest in literature; this could be explained by the surgical technique used.